Fig. 5

Melatonin suppressed mitochondrial calcium overload, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and improved mitochondrial function in TS-induced hepatocytes. A, B Representative confocal images of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ concentration in primary hepatocytes stained by Rhod-2 dye at × 600 magnification and quantification of fluorescence intensity normalized by SS. C Representative traces of ionomycin-induced changes of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ concentration (n = 3). D Quantification of the relative increment of fluorescence intensity in mitochondrial Ca²⁺ concentration after ionomycin stimulation normalized by SS. E Quantification of fluorescence intensity in cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration stained by Fura-2 AM dye normalized by SS. F Representative traces of ionomycin-induced changes of cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration (n = 3). G Quantification of the relative increment of fluorescence intensity in cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration after ionomycin stimulation normalized by SS. H, I Representative flow cytometry results and statistical analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 stanning in primary hepatocytes. J, K Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measured by Seahorse and quantitative statistical analysis of OCR (n = 3). All of the values are shown as the means ± SEM. n = 6 in each group. **P < 0.01 vs SS; ^##P < 0.01 vs TS