Fig. 4

TRIM protein-mediated autophagy is involved in regulating immunity against various bacteria and viruses. a Autophagy involves the initiation of phagophores regulated by ULK1. Class III phosphatidylinositol kinases, the ULK1-BECN1 complex, and MTOR kinase regulate the initiation of autophagy and the formation of phagophores. MTOR activity is regulated by PRKAA2, PIK3CA-AKT1 signaling, and MAPK3/MAPK1 signaling. The phagophores mature into autophagosomes and fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. TRIM proteins target bacteria and viruses to autophagosomes to degrade and activate innate immune signaling. b TRIM proteins activate inflammasome complexes and convert pro-CASP1 to active CASP1, producing the proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. c TRIMs regulate the KEAP1-SQSTM1-ZNRF2 signaling axis and ZNFR2-mediated transcription. TRIM proteins also regulate IFN and NFKB signaling cascades to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines. TRIM; Tripartite motif containing, ULK1; Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, BECN1; Beclin 1, MTOR; Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase, PRKAA2; Protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2, PIK3CA; Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha, MAPK3/1; Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1, CASP; Caspase, IL1B; Interleukin 1 beta, IL18; Interleukin 18, KEAP1; Kelch like ECH associated protein 1, SQSTM1; Sequestome 1, ZNRF2; Zinc and ring finger 2, IFN; Interferon, NFKB; Nuclear factor kappa B, AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, S. typhi; Salmonella typhi, M. tb; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, IAV; Influenza A virus, HSV1; Herpes simplex virus 1, EMCV; Encephalomyocarditis virus, HIV-1; Human immune deficiency virus, E71, Enterovirus 71, NLRP1; NLR family pyrin domain containing 1, NLRP3; NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, AIM2; Absent in melanoma 2, CASP1; Caspase 1, TLR; Toll-like receptor, RIGI; RNA sensor RIG-I, IFIH1; Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1, IKBKB; Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta, IRF3; Interferon regulatory factor 3, IRF8; Interferon regulatory factor 8