Fig. 4

FFAR4 activation inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and induces metabolic shift in A549 cells. A Comparison of FFAR4 expression in three cell lines. B The effect of different concentration of TUG891 on proliferation of A549 cells. C Effects of 40 μM TUG891 treatment on A549 cell proliferation at 24, 48, and 72 h. D Effects of FFAR4 activation on cell cycle transition in A549 cells. E Color changes in A549 medium treated with different concentrations of TUG891. F Changes in the lactate content of the medium after treatment with 40 μM TUG891. G–J Effect of 40 μM TUG891 agonist on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in A549 cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant using two-way ANOVA; NS, not significant