Fig. 5

FFAR4 activation leads to reduction of NAD⁺/NADH ratio by affecting mitochondrial complex I assembly. A–C Tree plot, dot plot, and cnet plot of the results of ORA (GO analysis) of downregulated genes after FFAR4 activation. The size of the dots indicates the number of genes in a particular pathway and the color indicates the correlation with the adjusted P value. D–F NADH and NAD⁺ levels and the NAD⁺/NADH ratio were measured from A549 cells between the vehicle group and FFAR4 activator group