Table 3 Genes overexpressed in different crops for higher phosphorus use efficiency

Proton-pyrophosphatase gene AVP1/AVP1D (AVP1DOX)

Enhances phosphorus acquisition, root branching and overall mass in Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato

[109–111]

GmACP1

Overexpression in soybean hairy roots increase phosphorus efficiency by 11–20 %

[112]

ZmPTF1

Improves low phosphorus tolerance in maize by regulating carbon metabolism and root growth

[104]

OsPTF1

Results in a 30 % increase in the phosphorus content in transgenic plants

[100]

OsPht1-8

Involved in phosphorus allocation and remobilization

[29]

AtPHR1, OsPHR1, OsPHR2

Enhance the expression of different phosphorus transporters and increases shoot phosphorus concentration

[105, 106, 113]

OsPT1, OsPT6

Increase phosphorus acquisition and shoot phosphorus accumulation

[114, 115]

LaGPX-PDE1, LaGPX-PDE2

Regulate root hair development and enhance glycerophosphodiester turnover

[116]

AtPHO1, AtPHO1-H1, AtPHO1-H10

Increase phosphorus acquisition during phosphorus starvation

[117]

GmEXPB2

Increases phosphorus acquisition by enhancing lateral root elongation

[118]

AtPAP15

Enhances intracellular APase activity in the leaves and increases phosphorus use efficiency and yield

[59]

PvPS2-2

Increases phosphorus acquisition efficiency by increasing root dry weight, root hair numbers and total phosphorus content in root hairs

[119]

LASAP2, OsPAP10a (NC_008394.4)

Increase dry matter production and phosphorus accumulation under phosphorus-deficient conditions

[120]

TIR1

Stimulates lateral root formation upon phosphorus starvation

[121]

AtAVP1OX, LeAVP1D-1, LeAVP1D-2

Increase the density of root hairs during phosphorus starvation

[65]

At2g01060

Increases shoot phosphorus accumulation irrespective of phosphorus supplies

[122]