Fig. 2

The relationship between apoptosis and MAFLD. Excessive FFAs and other compounds causes oxidative stress, ER stress and other causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in the release of ROS and cytochrome c with subsequent apoptosis. ER stress may cause lipoapoptosis through caspase 7/12 and other mechanisms, eventually leading to the development of MAFLD. MiRNAs can regulate apoptosis through different mechanisms. Intestinal barrier dysfunction causes LPS to activate lipoapoptosis