Name | Contents | Refs. |
---|---|---|
Cytokeratin-18 | It alone is not enough as a valuable biomarker, but it may have clinical significance when combined with other non-invasive methods of invasion, such as with serum adiponectin, serum resistin, uric acid (NCT01068444) | |
Fas/TNF-α | Inhibitor of death receptor-associated protein, including pentoxifylline, YLGA(Try-Leu-Gly-Ala) peptides | |
Caspase enzymes | Inhibitor of apoptosis-related caspase enzymes, including VX-166, GS-9450 (NCT00740610), PF-03491390 (NCT02077374), and emricasan (NCT02686762, NCT02077374) | |
R-3032 | A ctsb inhibitor | [168] |
Aramchol | Aramchol inhibits the liver enzyme stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) | [25] |
Selonsertib | ASK1 inhibitor | [169] |
The farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) | Its agonist (NCT01265498) can improve serum transaminase levels in patients with MAFLD | [170] |
Thioredoxin (TRX) | Oxidative stress can lead to a variety of PCD. TRX is induced by oxidative stress. Compared with healthy controls, the level of TRX rises significantly, but whether it can be used as a biomarker still needs further research | [171] |
XIAP | XIAP antisense oligonucleotide (AEG35156) increases progression-free survival and overall survival | [172] |
RIPK1/3 | Although RIPK1/3 currently has inhibitors (GSKʹ840, GSKʹ843, GSKʹ872), according to different preclinical studies, it seems that directly targeting RIPK1/3 is not a better treatment for MAFLD, and further studies are needed | [173] |
MLKL | Theoretically, the MLKL inhibitor (necrosulfonamide) may improve MAFLD, but evidence from well-designed clinical studies is still needed | [173] |
NLRP3 inflammasome | Inhibiting the activation of the MAFLD inflammasome is an innovative treatment method, including an inhibitor of the NALP3 inflammasome (glyburide), a caspase 1 inhibitor (Pralnacasan), and an IL-1β antibody (canakinumab) or endogenous IL-1β inhibitor (anakinra) | [174] |