Fig. 2From: Advances in the application of mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, biomimetic materials, and 3D printing in osteoporosis treatmentThe role of MSCs in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. It was found that aged MSCs have increased expression of PPARγ and decreased expression of Runx2 and osterix. PPARγ, as an adipocyte-specific transcription factor, inhibited osteoblast development and accelerated adipocyte differentiation. Meanwhile, the reduction of Runx2 and osterix expression, working as osteoblast-specific transcription factors, also negatively regulated bone formation to a certain extent. In addition, the expression of RANKL, which induces osteoclast formation and promotes bone resorption, also contributes to breaking the balance between bone formation and resorption and leads to osteoporosisBack to article page