Table 3 Potential effects of exosome molecules on bone metabolism

miR-214-3p

Osteoclast

Targeting osterix and ATF4 (osteogenic transcriptional factors)

Inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and bone formation

[46]

lncRNA-MALAT1

Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)

Expressing miR-124 excessively to reverse the migration of bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteoclastic differentiation

Positive recruitment of osteoclast precursors and promotion of their differentiation

[47]

Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)

Mediating miR-34c/SATB2 axis

Enhancement of osteoblast activity

[48]

Protein-Fas

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)

Downregulating miR-29b levels to recover Dnmt1-mediated programs

Restoration of the osteogenic differentiation ability of MRL/lpr BMMSCs

[49]

miR-31a-5p

Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)

Promoting osteoclast formation and bone resorption

Stimulation of osteoclast differentiation and function

[50]

miR-155

Vascular endothelial cell (EC)

Internalizing vascular EC-secreted exosomes with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) to inhibit osteoclast activity

Suppression of osteoclast induction

[51]

miR-1192, miR-680, miR-302a, miR-3084-3p, miR-680, miR-677-3p and miR-5100

Mineralizing osteoblasts (MOB)

Targeting Ctnnb1 converging on the β-catenin gene

Promotion of osteogenesis and differentiation of ST2 cells into osteoblast-like cells

[52]

miR-667-3p, miR-6769b-5p, miR-7044-5p, miR-7668-3p and miR-874-3p

Mineralizing osteoblasts (MOB)

Repressing Axin1 to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling