Fig. 2
From: The functions and roles of sestrins in regulating human diseases
Functions of Sesns in musculoskeletal system diseases. Sesns play important protective roles in multiple musculoskeletal system diseases, such as diseases related to muscle atrophy, bone and skeletal disorders related to osteoclasts, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, etc. The role of Sesns in bone fracture is unproved. The red up arrows represent activation, while the blue down arrows represent inhibition in this figure. Sesns, sestrins; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6; NK-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ECM, extracellular matrix