Type of sample | Raman spectrocopy instrumentation | Analysis technique | Healthy vs. bladder cancer | High-grade BC vs. low-grade BC | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | ||||
Tissue sample | Portable Raman spectrometer | PCA + LDA | 85 | 79 | – | – | [83] |
Urine sample | Raman microscope | PCA | 92 | 91 | – | – | [84] |
Tissue sample | Modulated Raman spectrometer | PCA | 98 | 95 | – | – | [86] |
Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | GE + LDA | 90.9 | 100 |  | – | [87] |
PCA | 74.6 | 97.2 | – | – |  | ||
Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | SVM + RBF | – | – | 92.3 | 98.2 | [80] |
Tissue sample | Raman microscope | PCA + kNN | – | – | 99 | 87 | [88] |
Blood serum | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | PLS + LDA | 98.3 | 96.7 | 90.6 | 96.3 | [81] |