Fig. 7

Schematic standard procedures of gene-modified MSCs. Firstly, the clinic-grade MSCs were isolated, identified, and amplified. The target gene was integrated into the vector and jointly introduced into MSCs, and then positive gene-modified MSCs were screened out. Secondly, the screened gene-modified MSCs were amplified to a sufficient amount. All the processes were performed with accordance to GMP guidelines. Thirdly, the systematic quality evaluations included but were not limited to surface marker profiles, general biological activity, safety, immune regulation, multiple lineage differentiation, tumorigenesis, and preclinical animal study