Table 1 The heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts
Category of CAFs | References | Function in TME |
|---|---|---|
S1–S4 | [6] | CAF-S1 is the main functioning subtype in triple negative breast cancer cells, providing an immunosuppressive TME CAF-S2 is abundant in LumA breast cancer CAF-S3 is distributed symmetrically in each type of breast cancer CAF-S4 is more frequent in HER2-positive tumors and is involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement and aerobic metabolism |
F1–F4 | [1] | F1 prevents tumor progression and keeps it under control F2 promotes cancer development and might assist in survival and metastasis F3 modulates the immune cells, and assists in tumor latency, angiogenesis, and invasion F4 involved in ECM interactions and signaling |
vCAF mCAF cCAF dCAF | [177] | Occupies the tumor core, angiogenesis, and vascular development Constructing the invasive front of tumors, and ECM remodeling Also known as highly proliferative vCAFs Expresses genes related to cancer stem cells |
Extracellular matrix | ||