Fig. 2From: Aging of mesenchymal stem cell: machinery, markers, and strategies of fightingOverview of MSC senescence homeostasis. Signaling pathways, AMPK, sirtuins, Nrf2, and Hedgehog induce antisenescence effects (green), whereas signaling pathways, mTOR, ROS, IGF1, and NF-κB activate senescence (red) in MSCs. Genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alteration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and failed proteostasis induce MSC senescenceBack to article page