Osteoporosis pathogenesis and treatment: existing and emerging avenues

Table 3 In vivo animal experiments involving different types of stem cell for osteoporosis treatment

Classification	Cell type	Cell modification	Animal model	Route of administration	Indicators	Reference
Embryonic stem cells	ESCs	Collagen I matrix implant	Femur fracture in OVX mice	Injection to bone surface	BMD, microCT	[170]
Adult stem cells	Bone marrow MSCs	Cells with GFP	OVX mice	Intravenous injection	BMD, microCT	[166]
		Cells with RANK-Fc or CXCR4 overexpression	OVX mice	Intravenous injection	BMD, microCT	[168]
		PLGA/CoI microspheres combined	OVX rat	Intra-bone marrow injection	BMD, microCT	[171]
	Human VSELs	Collagen sponge scaffolds	Cranial defects generated in SCID mice	Injection to bone surface	BMD, microCT	[172]
	UCB-MSCs	Nanofiber-expanded CD34⁺ cells	Glucocorticoid-induced NOD/SCID mice	Intracardiac ventricular injection	BMD, microCT	[173]
	ADSCs	Zfp467 siRNA transfection	OVX mice	Intravenous injection	BMD, microCT	[174]
		Collagen I matrix implant	OVX rabbit	Intra-bone marrow injection	BMD, microCT	[167]
		Young and aged ADSCs	Ovariectomized SAMP8 female mice (4 months of age)	Intra-bone marrow injection	BMD, microCT	[165]
Induced pluripotent stem cells	iPSCs	Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold	Cranial bone defect model in nude rats	Injection to bone surface	BMD, microCT	[175]

ESCs embryonic stem cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, VSELs very small embryonic-like cells, UCB-MSCs umbilical cord blood MSCs, ADSCs adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells, OVX ovariectomized, NOD/SCID nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient, GFP green fluorescent protein, RANK-Fc receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-Fc, CXCR4 CXC chemokine receptor-4, PLGA/CoI polylactic acid polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLGA)/collagen type I (CoI), Zfp467 zinc finger protein 467 BMD bone mineral density

ISSN: 1689-1392