Fig. 4

Analysis of differentially expressed genes between C-BMSCs and LIPUS-BMSCs with functional annotation and classification. A Volcano map of DEGs between C-BMSCs and LIPUS-BMSCs. The x-axis is the log2 scale of the fold change of gene expression in MSCs and induced ECs (log2(fold change)). Negative values indicate downregulation; positive values indicate upregulation. The y-axis is the minus log10 scale of the adjusted p values (− log10 (p value)), which indicate the significant level of expression difference. The red dots represent significantly upregulated genes with at least twofold change, while the green dots represent significantly downregulated genes with at least twofold change. B Heatmap of the DEGs between C-BMSCs and LIPUS-BMSCs. Red stripes in the Figure represent high expression genes, while green stripes represent low expression genes. C Significant enriched GO terms between C-BMSCs and LIPUS-BMSCs based on their functions. D The top 20 enriched KEGG pathway terms of DEGs