Fig. 5
Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs between C-EVs and LIPUS-EVs and functional analysis of DEmiRNAs using GO and KEGG pathway analyses. A Volcano map of DEmiRNAs between C-EVs and LIPUS-EVs. The x-axis is the log2 scale of the fold change of gene expression in C-EVs and LIPUS-EVs (log2(fold change)). Negative values indicate downregulation; positive values indicate upregulation. The y-axis is the minus log10 scale of the adjusted p values (− log10 (P value)), which indicates the significant level of expression difference. The red dots represent significantly upregulated genes with at least twofold change, while the green dots represent significantly downregulated genes with at least twofold change. B Heatmap of the differentially expressed genes between C-EVs and LIPUS-EVs. Red stripes in the figure represent high expression genes, while green stripes represent low expression genes. C qRT-PCR analysis of miR-328-5p and miR-487b-3p. n = 3 per group. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. D Significant enriched GO terms between C-EVs and LIPUS-EVs based on their functions. E Top 20 KEGG pathways enriched in target genes of DEmiRNAs. The x-axis indicates the ratio of the number of genes in the DEmiRNAs, and the y-axis indicates the pathways. EVs extracellular vesicles