Fig. 2

Cadmium increases intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration in neuronal cells. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with or without 10 μM BAPTA-AM for 30 min and then incubated with 25 μM Cd for the indicated times. a – Ca²⁺ concentration was quantified using the calcium indicator dye, Fluo-4 AM. b – GRP78 was analyzed via western blotting after 30 min pretreatment with 10 μM BAPTA-AM, followed by 12 h incubation with 25 μM Cd. c – Apoptotic cells were counted using the annexin V assay. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM of the apoptotic cells from at least three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001