Fig. 5From: GSK-3β-mediated regulation of cadmium-induced cell death and survivalScheme of the proposed pathways mediating calcium-induced apoptosis. Cd induces ER stress that triggers the pro-apoptotic pathway, including the CHOP and JNK pathways. By contrast, Cd also causes elevation of intracellular Ca2+ that contributes to the anti-apoptotic signal via phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β, and counteracts pro-apoptotic signalsBack to article page