Fig. 5.

5-MF reduced the activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK signaling upon H1N1 virus infection. A Western blotting was performed to measure the activation of NF-κB pathway in A549 cells. B The relative protein band intensities of P-IKBα and P-P65 were quantitated using ImageJ software. C The nuclear localization of P-P65 was detected by immunofluorescence. D A549 cells were transfected with an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter plasmid (pNFκB-TA-luc). At 12 h post-transfection, H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells were treated with or without 5-MF for 24 h, and then the luciferase activity was determined. E Western blotting was performed to detect the activation of MAPK pathways (P38 and ERK1/2) in H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells. F The relative protein band intensities for P-P38 and P-ERK1/2 were quantitated using ImageJ software. G On day 7 p.i., the lungs were harvested, and the activation of NF-κB (P-P65) and P-P38 MAPK in the lung tissues was detected by immunofluorescence. H The fluorescence intensities for P-P65 and P-P38 were quantified. ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 relative to the control group; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 relative to the virus group