Fig. 4

eNOS uncoupling due to eNOS S-glutathionylation. Oxidative stress decreases the cellular GSH/GSSG ratio, leading to protein S-glutathionylation. Glutathionylated cysteine residues (Cys689 and Cys908) of eNOS are located at the interface of the FAD and FMN binding sites, thus disrupting FAD-FMN alignment and electron transfer between flavins, which causes the transfer of an electron to molecular oxygen and the production of a superoxide radical instead of NO. Prolonged retention of S-glutathionylated eNOS (SG-eNOS) in the cytoplasm can result in its degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), leading to irreversible loss of eNOS