Fig. 2

Toxic effects of CD4⁺ T cell-derived EVs on oxidative stress and inflammation in CLP-induced lung injury in mice. CLP model mice were treated with EVs isolated from the serum of patients with sepsis-induced lung injury (SSE) or of healthy subjects (SE), or CD4⁺ T cells isolated from healthy subjects treated with (LTE) or without (TE) 10 μg/mL LPS. A H and E staining (scale bar, 100 μm). B Severity of histological injury. Plasma levels of (C) ALT, (D) AST, (E) LDH, and (F) ROS level, G MDA content, H SOD activity, (I) GPX activity and (J) mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lung tissues were measured. K The BALF content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in mice was measured by ELISA. L The survival rate of mice was monitored within 5 days, showing shortened survival with EV treatment. Data presented as mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001 versus control. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 versus CLP + SE. ^ΔP < 0.05, ^ΔΔΔP < 0.001 versus CLP + TE