Fig. 1

Immunohistochemical localization and expression of GAL-1 in the growth center of antler tip, AP, PP, and cultured ASCs. A Immunohistochemistry of GAL-1 of AP, PP, and FP (as a control), respectively. Magnification shows an enlarged view of the GAL-1, scale bar = 50 μm for GAL-1 and IgG. B Immunohistochemistry staining of GAL-1 in the antler tip, Scale bar = 5 mm for GAL-1 and IgG. Magnification shows an enlarged view of the GAL-1, scale bar = 100 μm. IgG shows rabbit IgG control. C The relative mRNA levels of GAL-1 in ASCs and FPCs (as a control) were detected by qRT-PCR. D Protein expression levels of GAL-1 in ASCs and FPCs (as a control) were detected using Western blotting. E Immunofluorescence staining of GAL-1 in ASCs and FPCs, scale bar = 100 μm. DE dermis, RM reserve mesenchyme, PC pre-cartilage layer, TZ transition zone, C cartilage, AP antlerogenic periosteum, PP pedicle periosteum, FP facial periosteum, APCs antlerogenic periosteal cells, PPCs pedicle periosteal cells, RMCs reserve mesenchymal cells, FPCs facial periosteal cells, VC vascular channel. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three experiments, t-test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001