Fig. 1

Glycolysis acted as the main energy supply mode during the mid–late embryonic stages. A Schematic depiction of cross-talk between glycolysis and avian embryonic growth. B Developmental changes of the geese embryos from E16 to DOH (n = 10). C Developmental changes in hepatic lactate, ATP content, and activity of HK from E16 to DOH (n = 6). D Correlation between hepatic glycolysis and embryonic development. E Targeted metabolomic profiling of the livers in geese embryos from E22, E25, and E28 (n = 4). F, G Dose effects of in ovo 2-DG injection in the yolk sac on lactate and ATP levels (F) and relative mRNA expressions of HK2, PFK, and PKM (G) in the liver of goose embryo (n = 6). H Developmental changes of the goose embryos after in ovo 2-DG injection in the yolk sac (n = 10)