Fig. 1

The phenotypic and physiological features of rapeseed seedlings exposed to N-, P- and K-deficiency stresses. a Plant macronutrient contents after 28 days of low-macronutrient treatments. b Morphological data, including root and shoot biomass, total root length, taproot length, lateral root length and root diameter, in different treatment periods. c Comparative growth performances of rapeseed seedlings after short-term (4 days) and long term (21 days) macronutrient deprivation treatments along with the full-nutrient control. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. * and ** indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 by the Tukey’s HSD test, respectively