Fig. 2

Current cell-based and cell-free therapies for osteoarthritis. Cell-based treatments for OA rely on regenerating injured cartilage while reducing ongoing inflammation in the affected joint. Autologous cultured chondrocytes based on ACI and MACI have been shown to be useful for cartilage tissue repair. MSCs are emerging as powerful self-renewal agents for osteoarthritis treatment. In addition, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) could replace MSCs and represent a novel cell-free therapy for OA