Table 2 Summary of the role of MSC-Exos role in osteoarthritis therapies

BM-MSC-Exos

Curcumin

In vivo and ex vivo: regulate miR-124/ NF-κB and miR-143/ROCK1/TLR9

Reduce chondrocytes apoptosis

[85]

Human MSC-Exos

lncRNA KLF3-AS1

In vivo and ex vivo: target lncRNA-KLF3-AS1/miR-206/GIT1 axis and promote proliferation

Promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis in carilage repaire

[86]

Dental pulp stem cell-derived Exos

–

In vivo: downregulate TRPV4 to suppress osteoclastogenesis

Protect cartilage degradation, ameliorate inflammatory responses

[87]

BM-MSC-Exos

lncRNA MEG-3

In vivo: attenuate excess cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodeling

Ex vivo: enhance the synthesis of type II collagen and inhibition of IL-1β-induced senescence and apoptosis

Enhance cartilage-protective effects

[88]

BM-MSC-Exos

–

In vivo: low-intensity

pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)-mediated BM-MSC-Exos to inhibit IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB pathway

Antiinflammatory effects, promote cartilage regeneration

[89]

BM-MSC-Exos

miR-92a-3p

In vivo and ex vivo: miR-92a-3p directly targeting 3'-UTR and inhibit WNT5A expression

Regulation of cartilage homeostasis and chondrogenesis

[90]

Human embryonic stem cell-induced MSC-Exos

—

In vivo: increase synthesis of type II collagen and decreased expression of of ADAMTS5

Remodel the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix

[91]

Infrapatellar fat pad MSC-Exos

miR-100-5p

In vivo and ex vivo: miR-100-5p-mediated inhibition of mTOR autophagic pathway,

suppression of apoptosis and homeostasis of metabolic processes

[92]

SF-MSC-Exos

Kartogenin (KGN)

In vivo and ex vivo: effectively induce differentiation of SF-MSCs toward chondrocytes

Promote cartilage development

[28]

Human embryonic stem cell-derived MSC-Exos

–

In vivo: enhance s-GAG synthesis, inhibited IL-1β-induced nitric oxide and MMP13 production,

regulate cartilage homeostasis, reduce inflammation, and enhance chondrocytes proliferation

[93]