Fig. 2

ROS involvement in regulated cell death. While apoptotic cell death (blue background) is considered as a largely silent and non-inflammatory form of cell death, other forms such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis (gray background) are thought to promote a pro-inflammatory response. Regardless of the pathophysiologic consequences, ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction (mtROS) play a decisive role in the execution of all described forms of regulated cell death. Apaf-1 apoptosis activating factor-1, DAMP damage-associated molecular patterns, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, GSDMD gasdermins, MOMP mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, MPT mitochondrial permeability transition, (mt)ROS mitochondrial) reactive oxygen species, NLRP3 nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3