Fig. 1

Origin and development of cardiac resident macrophage. During embryonic development, cardiac-resident macrophages primarily originate from the yolk sac or fetal liver and differentiate from monocytes. Notably, monocytes derived from the yolk sac initiate the process of differentiation and migration to the heart earlier, whereas those derived from the fetal liver undergo this process at a later stage. These macrophages derived from embryonic sources colonize the heart and exhibit limited self-replenishment through in situ proliferation. In contrast, bone marrow-derived monocytes start infiltrating the heart at 14 days postpartum and differentiate into an additional major population of cardiac-resident macrophages, primarily supplemented by the continuous colonization of peripheral blood monocytes during later stages. Created with BioRender.com