Fig.1

The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy associated with mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. When individuals encounter diverse endogenous stressors, such as denervation, aging, chronic inflammation, and exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, starvation, or minimal exercise, the muscle cell mitochondrial membrane potential diminishes while reactive oxygen species accumulate. This scenario prompts the initiation of multiple signaling pathways and activation of various non-coding RNAs, fostering an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics and disrupting mitophagy in muscle cells. This, in turn, accelerates the process of muscle atrophy and degradation