Table 2 Summary of current treatment strategies and potential interventions targeting mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in skeletal muscle atrophy
Classification | Therapeutic approaches | Atrophy models | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Medication | Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants | Cancer (C26 colon cancer cells) and chemotherapy-induced cachexia—chemotherapy (oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) muscle atrophy model | SS-31 prevented mitochondrial loss and abnormal autophagy/mitophagy, and muscle atrophy was alleviated | [121] |
Medication | Targeting miR-142a-5p/MFN1 axis | Denervated muscle atrophy model | Restored mitophagy, apoptosis and mitochondrial function in denervated gastrocnemius muscle (note: complete recovery of muscle atrophy cannot be achieved) | [25] |
Medication | Antioxidant Apigenin | Age-related muscle atrophy model | Alleviated age-related skeletal muscle atrophy by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting overactive mitophagy | [122] |
Medication | Mitophagy activator—urolithin A | Age-related muscle atrophy model | Improve muscle performance | [123] |
Nutrition | Phytochemicals—tomatidine | Age-related muscle atrophy model | Increased mitophagy through the PINK1 pathway and delay muscle atrophy caused by aging | [124] |
Medication | Mitophagy activators—rapamycin | Mitochondrial muscle disease model | Augmenting mitophagy is a promising therapeutic approach for muscle mitochondrial dysfunction | [125] |
Medication | Antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents—isoquercitrin | Denervated muscle atrophy model | Alleviated soleus muscle atrophy and mitophagy | [126] |
Medication | Anti-inflammatory agents—celecoxib | Denervated muscle atrophy model | Inhibited mitophagy and proteolysis, and ultimately alleviate denervation-induced muscle atrophy | [127] |
Exercise (aerobic and resistance exercise) | Exercise training | Age-related muscle atrophy model | Exercise induced mitochondrial autophagy and enhanced mitochondrial function, and sarcopenia was alleviated | [128] |
Exercise (myotube contraction) | Physical exercise (pulse simulation) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced skeletal muscle atrophy model | Enhanced mitochondrial autophagy to prevent MuRF-1 upregulation during cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) exposure | [129] |
Exercise (high-intensity interval training) | High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and citrulline (CIT) | Aging and obesity-related muscle atrophy model | HIIT enhances markers of mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy, and the combination of HIIT with CIT results in a more pronounced increase in muscle strength | [130] |
Exercise (aerobic exercise) | Aerobic exercise training (AET) | Age-related muscle atrophy model | AET increases markers of skeletal muscle size and mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control in young men (YM) and old men (OM) | [131] |
Exercise (endurance exercise) | Regular endurance exercise | Age-related muscle atrophy model | Regular endurance exercise promotes mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle | [132] |