Fig. 4

Induction of autophagy by (+)-ABX and the impact of autophagy inhibition on apoptosis and anticancer effects. A Observation of cellular autophagic features using TEM. Scale bars, 5 μm, 2 μm, and 1 μm. B Western blot analysis of autophagy-related protein expression in cells treated with different concentrations of (+)-ABX. C Quantification of the data from panel B. D Western blot analysis of changes in autophagy-related protein expression after (+)-ABX treatment with CQ intervention. E Quantification of the data from panel D. F Western blot analysis of changes in apoptosis-related protein expression after (+)-ABX treatment with CQ intervention. G Quantification of the data from panel F. H CCK-8 assay measuring the impact of CQ pretreatment on cell viability after (+)-ABX exposure. Data are presented as means ± SD. * or ^△P < 0.05, ** or ^△△P < 0.01, and *** or ^△△△P < 0.001 compared with the control. The results were derived from a minimum of three independent experiments