- Published:
Degradation and beyond: Control of androgen receptor activity by the proteasome system
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters volume 11, pages 109–131 (2006)
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors which mediates the action of androgens in the development of urogenital structures. AR expression is regulated post-translationally by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. This regulation involves more complex mechanisms than typical degradation. The ubiquitin/proteasome system may regulate AR via mechanisms that do not engage in receptor turnover. Given the critical role of AR in sexual development, this complex regulation is especially important. Deregulation of AR signalling may be a causal factor in prostate cancer development. AR is the main target in prostate cancer therapies. Due to the critical role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in AR regulation, current research suggests that targeting AR degradation is a promising approach.
Abbreviations
- AATF:
-
apoptosis antagonizing factor
- APIS complex:
-
AAA proteins independent of 20S
- ARA54:
-
AR-associated protein 54
- ARA70:
-
AR-associated protein 70
- ARE:
-
androgen responsive element
- ARNIP:
-
AR N-terminal interacting protein
- bFGF:
-
basic fibroblast growth factor
- CARM1:
-
coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1
- CHIP:
-
C-terminus Hsp70 interacting protein
- DBD:
-
DNA binding domain
- E6-AP:
-
E6-associated protein
- GRIP-1:
-
glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1
- GSK3β:
-
glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- HDAC1:
-
histone deacetylase 1
- HECT:
-
homologous to the E6-AP C-terminus
- HEK293:
-
human embryonal kidney cell line
- HepG2:
-
human hepatoma cell line
- Hsp90:
-
heat shock protein 90
- IGF-1:
-
insulin-like growth factor 1
- IL-6:
-
interleukin 6
- KLK2:
-
kallikrein 2
- KLKK:
-
lysine (K), leucine (L)
- LBD:
-
ligand binding domain
- LNCaP:
-
lymph node carcinoma of prostate cell line
- MAPK:
-
mitogen activated protein kinase
- Mdm2:
-
Murine double minute 2
- NcoR:
-
nuclear receptor corepressor
- NEDD8:
-
neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated
- NLS:
-
nuclear localisation signal
- p/CAF:
-
p300/CBP-associated factor
- p300/CBP:
-
CREB-binding protein
- PC3:
-
human prostate carcinoma cell line
- PEST:
-
proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), threonine (T)
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PIAS1:
-
protein inhibitor of activated STAT
- PKA:
-
protein kinase A
- PKC:
-
protein kinase C
- PR:
-
progesterone receptor
- PRMT1:
-
protein arginine methyltransferase 1
- PROTAC:
-
proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule
- PSA:
-
prostate specific antigen
- PSMA7:
-
proteasome alpha subunit 7
- P-TEFb:
-
positive transcription elongation factor b
- PTEN:
-
phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- RING:
-
really interesting new gene
- RNA Pol II:
-
RNA polymerase II
- SCF ligase:
-
Skp2/cullin1/F-box
- SMRT:
-
silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor
- SNURF:
-
small nuclear RING finger
- SRC1:
-
steroid receptor coactivator 1
- Sugl:
-
suppressor of Gal
- SUMO:
-
small ubiquitin-like modifier
- SWI/SNF:
-
mating type switching/sucrose non-fermenting
- TBL1:
-
transducin-β-like
- TBLR1:
-
transduction-β-like-related protein
- TBP:
-
TATA binding protein
- TFIIB, D, F, H:
-
general transcription factors
- TRAP:
-
thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein
- TSG101:
-
tumour susceptibility gene 101
- UAC:
-
ubiquitin activating enzyme
- UBC:
-
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme
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Jaworski, T. Degradation and beyond: Control of androgen receptor activity by the proteasome system. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 11, 109–131 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11658-006-0011-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11658-006-0011-9