Fig. 2
From: Crosstalk between the Warburg effect, redox regulation and autophagy induction in tumourigenesis
Tumourigenic ROS signalling. ROS inhibits PTEN activity that results in increased augmentation of PI3K/ Akt signalling and subsequently promotes proliferation. Furthermore, ROS promotes cell cycle progression by means of inhibiting phosphatase Cdc14B resulting in the activation of cyclin dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Furthermore, anti-tumourigenic compounds induce ROS production by means of inhibiting FOXM1 activity. This results in inhibition of enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and catalase. The resulting increase ion ROS leads to the depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis induction. Images were created using Microsoft Word 2010 software